history

The great history of Europeans

 

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Since currently taking place in the European Football Championship, I wanted to make a “Roundup” throughout the history of Europeans and most significant moments.

This League is also, rarely, known as Coupe Henri Delaunay, which is the name of its creator, It takes place every four years. To challenge the best teams in Europe. At the beginning, from 1960 at 1976, the number of teams was limited, because only four teams took part, but from the 1980 the number increased to eight teams and so it remained until 1992. From 1996 until 2012 the formula was introduced with sixteen teams, but from this European 2016 you switch to 24 teams. The team that has the record of investments in Germany is the European, that is also the most titled team along with Spain.
The competition formula in the final phase takes place with pool tables “the Italian way”. The new formula includes six initial groups with different criteria for any draws of two or more teams:

1. Most points in the direct matches;
2. Best goal difference in direct matches;
3. Highest number of goals in the direct matches;
4. Revival of the first three criteria applied exclusively to contests between the teams in question;
5. Best goal difference total;
6. Greater number of goals scored in total;
7. Best fair play conduct.

Also interesting is to know the choice of host country, in the past it was decided with one of the four countries whose national team had failed to qualify: from 1980 It is no longer so, Since each Federation may submit their applications.

It is also important to know the Gunners who were and are the best protagonists from the first European of 1960 to date (also included are the qualifications). Here's the TOP 5:

· in pole position we find Cristiano Ronaldo, with 28 networks;
· in second place is Zlatan Ibrahimovic, with 25 GOL;
· in third place we find Robbie Keane, with 23 networks;
· the fourth place is Jan Coller, with 21 GOL;
· Finally, in fifth position, We find Wayne Rooney, with 19 centers.

As a last “frivolity”, I wanted to mention the mascot of Italy that from 1980 Today accompanies us in every race: This is Pinocchio, with its long nose tricolore!

David Aimar (11 years)

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A timeless love: the story of Abelard and Heloise

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Love is timeless. Literature and mythology they narrated by many ardent passions among pairs of lovers, But what we tell you today is a different story, particular. This is, In fact, one of the few love stories that have a historical Foundation as a stage, come down to us thanks to a series of letters that the two lovers exchanged when they were forced to divide their streets.
But proceed in order. We in France, Paris, early 12th century. The protagonists are Abelardo, an internationally renowned theologian and cleric, and Heloise, a cultured and intelligent young woman.
The history between the two began in 1116, When Heloise's uncle decides to give the city's most coveted master with grandson, Abelardo. Soon the lessons are transformed into real events, during which time instead of dealing with culture and erudition lovers are devoted to each other, discovering ultimately to love intensely, as you will recall just a few years after Heloise in one of his letters:
“Those pleasures which we both totally dedicated ourselves when we were lovers, they were so sweet to me that I can only regret this, or they may fade from my memory, not even a little. […] These visions I save even when I sleep. Even during the solemnity of the mass, When the prayer must be the purest, the obscene images of those miserable soul took possession of my enjoyment to the point that I think more sensual pleasures to prayer”.
When Heloise realizes she is pregnant Abelardo decides to take her with him in Britain, where will their child Astrolabe. Moved by love, Abelardo marries companion, aware that if this news was leaked he would put at risk its reputation, but above all, would sacrifice the work and studies of a lifetime. Unfortunately the fact soon became public knowledge, and to prevent further scandal the theologian does hide his wife in a monastery. Eloisa's relatives do not understand though this gesture, and they believe that Abelard is attempting to permanently get rid of newly constructed family in order not to lose its reputation. Decide so to take an extreme Act: overnight does emasculate by three gunmen on poor Abelard.
From that moment on, Peter Abelard and heloïse don't meet more, but begin to write, Lucky for us, passionate letters of theological and philosophical content, occasionally dotted with sweet memories of the past. The figure of Eloisa is what surprises us most: took the veil at the monastery that had taken refuge, subtle and sophisticated words tries to regain her husband's love, maybe never came minus, but surely weakened after serious accident. It reminds him of what he had in his own letters boost love him thus boldly:
“Who among the Kings and philosophers could match your fame? Which region, or city, or country was burning to see you? Chi, I ask you, When you walked among the people, not ran for look? And when you went, who didn't try to follow you with our eyes, straining my neck and turning your eyes? Which bride, which Virgin, you wished ardently if I were absent and, If you were there, not blushed? As the Queen or noble woman envied my joys and my bed?”.
Eloisa efforts are however rooms: Abelardo is very strict with his wife, inviting you to devote himself body and soul to the service of God only, While aware of the fact that the veil worn by Eloisa wasn't for vocation but to need.
The love that had tied the two lovers, through the correspondence, goes by sublimating into something that is beyond mere carnal passion to become love of language, love of the intellect, absolute love.
Today, nine centuries after their romance, Abelard and Heloise resting together at the monumental cemetery Pere-Lachaise, in Paris. Finally can be together for eternity.

Maria

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The faith in man, between enlightenment and Republic day

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Every phenomenon or fact has its own beginning, in recent times and easy to locate, remote and sometimes for this difficult to trace or to remember. If today, 2 June 2016, We are celebrating the Republic day a beginning we must trace. It was a Republic, our, founded on the blood of a civil war in the mid-20th century has disrupted our country leaving him poor, destroyed and reduced to fame. It was thanks to the merit of men who, by rolling up your sleeves, together they have decided to rebuild a country, brick by brick, House after House, hope after hope. Within a few years, the Italy has been able to give himself a Republican form, a Constitution and restart the economy of the State. There was the desire not to forget, to remember, to learn of what happened because in the future, the new generations are not fighting the same wars and to relive the same fears. Was hope in the power of man United with the idea of freedom. It was as if that wind of hope and liberty had returned to blow on Europe after decades of totalitarianism and oppression. It was a wind from ancient origins. It was the same belief, in the same strength and same freedom, that had pushed, a century before, our people to fight for freedom of the country from "foreign oppressor.". In The 19th Century, convinced of being right, believe in the power of man and the idea that freedom was the most valuable asset at man's disposal, We won back those that we believed to be our lands and we created a State. A State that had joined with territorial, but not humanly, It was like geography, but not as a people. Once again the strength of hope together with the idea of freedom was enough to hold the destiny of this state until the advent of fascism. But if even in the second half of the nineteenth century vigevano the ideals of hope in man and in the idea of freedom, to investigate the sources we have to downgrade again over time. In this route backwards we find many industrial revolutions, social and political. The strength in the hope of man caused unprecedented technological advances, the idea of freedom was pushing the poor masses to take up sticks to revolt to absolute monarchs. It's a wind, that of freedom, that blows throughout the nineteenth century, that comes from the 18th century. It's a fresh wind, new, pushing to believing in the potential of man. This is our point of arrival, that is the starting point from which hope and freedom are rooted in the idea that man can be at the center of the world, It can by their own efforts to become judge of your own future. In The Eighteenth Century, was the enlightenment to end the middle ages and open the doors of the modern age. Thanks to this movement of men and ideas he set the focal point man, in its entirety, placing under the scrutiny of reason all aspects of human life, religion including. For the first time the man had no more excuses, excuses of a God that predestined her future, I was driving along a path already written. The end of the dark age, the man had the idea of himself, ends when you turn on the light of enlightenment. Enlightenment is the man with the light of reason. The secularisation that followed and which involved the appropriation of man in the world, in the century just, with the crisis of religious movements has come the times with the winds of hope and freedom giving way, only in modern times, to globalisation. The latter phenomenon, like the previous mass, caused the unification of man-mix spegnando standard hope and reducing the freedom of a space on social networks. But the winds of hope and freedom in humans continue to expire, driven by an ideal that in the 18th century it never faded, just today rather than continuing to ride them you prefer to close them out the window.

Roberto Rossetti

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The Danish girl: the story of Lili Elbe

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In 1930, at the dawn of the Nazi totalitarian regime, a Danish man named Einar Wegener was in Germany in search of identity. The threshold of fifty years, This man had decided to embark on a path that would change and unfortunately put an end to their existence: Einar wanted to become a woman in all respects.
Einar was a Danish artist who was married at the age of twenty-two with a colleague named Gerda Gottlieb. The two were illustrators: Einar ran mostly to paint landscapes, While Gerda primarily for some fashion magazines. Together they travelled a lot all around Europe, and in 1912 They settled in Paris.
Both very talented artists, Einar resigned however to its success to better support his wife, that thanks to the help and advice of her husband had the opportunity to exhibit their work in several important art galleries.
It was during this period that Einar began increasingly to manifest the desire to be a woman: with the backing and support of the young wife started just for fun to pose as a model for paintings of Gerda in the privacy of their home.
During the 1920s, Einar disguised in women's clothes to many parties and participated to some public events. The questions of the curious, the pair replied that Lili Elbe – this was the female name chosen by Einar's own alter ego cloths when dressed – He was a distant cousin of Gerda visiting Paris.
Only a few friends were actually aware of transsexuality of Einar and his path to rediscovery of itself, and maybe the only Gerda understood thoroughly the sense of frustration and discomfort with whom the husband had to live.
Einar consulted several doctors who obliged him to intrusive anti deviance and catalogued as a patient with schizophrenia; However, the late 1920s he met a German surgeon willing to help you.
Just to get rid of the body in which no recognized, Einar went to Germany and underwent five dangerous surgeries to the final exchange of sex, the last of which proved fatal.
Recognized as the first transsexual woman in history subjected to sexual conversion operations, the story of Lili strikes again today for the relevance of the themes that tells; in the 21st century we still struggle to talk about these issues, often considered taboo and shameful. Of these topics, Instead, would do well to talk: There shouldn't be anything, In fact, most sacred and natural prosecution of identity and happiness.

Maria

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"No, never ". Giovanni Falcone

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"The thought of death accompanies me everywhere. But, as Montaigne, It soon becomes second nature. Certain, you're on your toes, It is estimated, We observe, There is organized, you avoid repetitive behaviour, is getting away from the crowds and from any situation that cannot be kept under control. But it also buys a good dose of fatalism; at the bottom you die for many reasons, a car accident, a plane explodes in flight, an overdose, cancer and also for no particular reason».

Giovanni Falcone responds in this way to a question about the possibility of an attack against him. As always, in front of the cameras, the judge retains an attitude compounded, a smile politely, not exuding any emotion. Are the years of the maxi trial, difficult years for Giovanni Falcone. The landmark ruling, more than two thousand years in jail for the defendants and nineteen life sentences throughout the Sicilian Mafia Commission, instead of elevating heroes Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino isolated them even more. In 1988 the High Council of the judiciary States that will be Mahesh Mahesh and not Falcone, to replace Calvert. Giovanni is once again rejected, as was the case at the beginning of the eighties, After the death of Rocco Chinnici, He preferred Calvert. Meli the curtain falls on the experience of the pool and returns to the old unsuccessful mafia investigation methods. Borsellino publicly denounces the State of things, Conversely receives the meeting request from C.S. M. alongside Meli. The pool, Although limping, He was put back on feet. This is not helped break the isolation of man more danger for the mafia, for one who has devoted his life to fighting for the State. In 1989 the failed assassination attempt at Addaura represents the pinnacle of the sense of isolation around the figure of Falcone: not just part of the power of Attorney, the same colleagues and the State does not show solidarity with judge, but he is alleged to have procured alone, the attack. It's the beginning of the end, Falcone takes a job in Rome at the Ministry of Justice, Criminal Affairs section. Falcone in Rome are building a super proxy capable of channeling, centralize and optimize the investigations of the mafia. Unfortunately, however, the 23 may the mafia (or not only the mafia, but it was mafia – CIT. Paolo Borsellino, speech at the public library of Palermo, June 1992) He ended the life of John, Francesca, Rocco, Antonio, Vito.

The man who dreamed of defeating the mafia by applying the law died, because that dream I was making. So who cares that Falcone was sleeping only, on the floor, with a gun for fear of an attack at night, He received several warnings that threats, who said that to be credible we must be dead.

The reporter writes down the answers of Falcone, brief and concise, betrayed only by the movement of the mustache. One more question, the last "have you ever had a moment of discouragement, any questions about, the temptation to give up this fight?”

"No, never "Giovanni Falcone.

Roberto Rossetti

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